基于高质量分辨率质谱仪研究上海城区秋季大气亚微米级颗粒物化学特性

利用先进的高分辨飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪(High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer,HR-To F-AMS),于2017年9月8日—2017年10月8日对上海市城区开展了亚微米级颗粒物化学组分、粒径及其污染来源的在线测量.结果表明,观测期间上海城区亚微米颗粒物质量浓度平均为(22.0±17.2)μg·m-3;其中,有机物是PM1的主要贡献者,平均占总颗粒物浓度的49.3%,硫酸根、硝酸根和铵根的占比分别为24.2%、10.5%和9.7%.上海城区亚微米级颗粒物中无机盐组分类(硝酸根,硫酸根和铵根)具有较为一致的粒径分布,峰值粒径主要集中在空气动力学粒径500~600 nm.有机物的粒径分布峰值位于空气动力学粒径400~500 nm,且在小粒径范围内有较高的有机物浓度,表明存在一定程度的一次排放.观测期间有机气溶胶呈现明显的多峰分布,硫酸根、铵根和氯离子呈白天低、夜间高的特点,而硫酸根和黑碳的日变化并不明显.基于高分辨率有机质谱计算得到上海城区有机气溶胶氧碳比(O/C)的平均比值为0.37;有机物与有机碳(OM/OC)的平均比值1.65.利用正矩阵因子解析(PMF)模型对有机气溶胶高质量分辨率质谱进行来源解析,得到4类有机气溶胶:HOA(还原态有机气溶胶)、COA(餐饮源有机气溶胶)、MO-OOA(高氧化性有机气溶胶)和LO-OOA(低氧化性有机气溶胶),分别占有机气溶胶总量的15%、20%、32%和26%,说明观测期间上海城区有机气溶胶主要来自二次气溶胶的贡献.     

Chemical characteristics of fine particles and their impact on visibility impairment in Shanghai based on a 1-year period observation

In this work, a one-year observation focusing on high time resolution characteristics of components in fine particles was conducted at an urban site in Shanghai. Contributions of different components on visibility impairment were also studied. Our research indicates that the major components of PM_2.5 in Shanghai are water-soluble inorganic ions and carbonaceous aerosol, accounting for about 60% and 30% respectively. Higher concentrations of sulfate (SO₄²⁻) and organic carbon (OC) in PM_2.5 occurred in fall and summer, while higher concentrations of nitrate (NO₃⁻) were observed in winter and spring. The mass concentrations of Cl⁻ and K⁺ were higher in winter. Moreover, NO₃⁻ increased significantly during PM_2.5 pollution episodes. The high values observed for the sulfate oxidizing rate (SOR), nitrate oxidizing rate (NOR) and secondary organic carbon (SOC) in OC indicate that photochemical reactions were quite active in Shanghai. The IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) formula was used in this study to investigate the contributions of individual PM_2.5 chemical components to the light extinction efficient in Shanghai. Both NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ had close relationships with visibility impairment in Shanghai. Our results show that the reduction of anthropogenic SO₂, NO_x and NH₃ would have a significant effect on the improvement of air quality and visibility in Shanghai.     

基于OMI数据的中国中东部城市近地面臭氧时空分布特征研究

利用OMI卫星反演数据分析了2005—2014年中国中东部地区对流层臭氧变化趋势.结果表明,近10年来对流层臭氧总柱浓度混合比例较稳定,但近地面浓度明显增加,特别是在冬季臭氧上升速度达40%.同时分析了京津冀、长三角、珠三角地区10个重点城市的臭氧数据,发现京津冀地区的臭氧涨幅超过其他两个地区,其中,长三角地区臭氧混合比例最高,而珠三角地区相对较稳定.利用臭氧激光雷达和地面臭氧监测数据对卫星反演结果进行比较显示了较好的一致性,证明使用卫星反演的数据来研究长时间范围内近地层的臭氧变化是一种可行的方法.     

中温焙烧/钠化氧化法回收电镀污泥中的铬

采用中温焙烧/钠化氧化法从电镀污泥中回收铬.结果表明,影响铬浸出率的最主要因素为焙烧温度.电镀污泥与碳酸钠质量比、焙烧时间、水浸时间对铬浸出率的影响较接近,在水浸水固比为10.0 ; 1.0(质量比)、室温、焙烧温度为650℃、焙烧时间为2.0h、电镀污泥与碳酸钠质量比为1:1、水浸时间为60 min的最佳浸出条件下,铬浸出率为99.3%;去除氢氧化铝、氢氧化锌的最佳反应温度和pH分别为90～95℃和7.5;去除硫酸钠晶体的最佳pH为4.0,在最佳试验条件下,铬回收率为90.57%.     

社会环境检测机构质量监管措施研讨

就目前的情况而言,我国在社会环境检测机构质量不容乐观。因此,我们应该根据实际情况,来设置相应的社会环境检测监管方案。我们可以通过严格规范社会环境检测机构市场准入门槛、创设专门的社会环境检测机构质量监管部门、创设社会环境检测机构网上投诉平台等方式,来提升监管力度,让社会环境检测机构正确发挥其应有的作用。     

Broadband UV spectroscopy system used for monitoring of SO2 and NO emissions from thermal power plants

A gas monitoring system based on broadband absorption spectroscopic techniques in the ultraviolet region is described and tested. The system was employed in real-time continuous concentration measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitric oxide (NO) from a 220-ton h^?1 circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler in Shandong province, China. The emission coefficients (per kg of coal and per kWh of electricity) and the total emission of the two pollutant gases were evaluated. The measurement results showed that the emission concentrations of SO₂ and NO from the CFB boiler fluctuated in the range of 750–1300 mg m^?3 and 100–220 mg m^?3, respectively. Compared with the specified emission standards of air pollutants from thermal power plants in China, the values were generally higher for SO₂ and lower for NO. The relatively high emission concentrations of SO₂ were found to mainly depend on the sulfur content of the fuel and the poor desulfurization efficiency. This study indicates that the broadband UV spectroscopy system is suitable for industrial emission monitoring and pollution control.     

甘河工业园区工业固体废物综合利用现状及对策建议

随着经济的快速发展,固体废物的产生量越来越大,而其造成的环境污染也成为影响环境保护的突出问题。文章通过分析甘河工业园区固体废物现状,针对甘河工业园区固体废物综合利用存在的问题提出了建议。     

土壤环境质量标准在工程应用中的局限性分析

为贯彻落实《中华人民共和国环境保护法》,加强建设用地土壤环境监管,管控污染地块对人体健康的风险,保障人居环境安全,生态环保部组织相关部门编制了土壤环境质量标准,并于2018年8月1日起开始实施。在标准实施的过程和应用过程中发现新发布的标准存在一些局限性。本文以土壤污染机理为基础,结合现行的治理技术,论述土壤质量标准在时间、空间及应用中的局限性。